Energy storage station operation and maintenance price standard

Are battery storage costs based on long-term planning models?

Battery storage costs have evolved rapidly over the past several years, necessitating an update to storage cost projections used in long-term planning models and other activities. This work documents the development of these projections, which are based on recent publications of storage costs.

How are energy storage systems rated?

Energy storage systems are also rated by power delivery capacity in units of kilowatts. The power rating is important to determine the rate at which power can be delivered and will vary according to the application and relevant load profiles.

Are storage costs normalized to their 2022 value?

To develop cost projections, storage costs were normalized to their 2022 value such that each projection started with a value of 1 in 2022. We chose to use normalized costs rather than absolute costs because systems were not always clearly defined in the publications.

Does battery cost scale with energy capacity?

However, not all components of the battery system cost scale directly with the energy capacity (i.e., kWh) of the system (Ramasamy et al. 2022). For example, the inverter costs scale according to the power capacity (i.e., kW) of the system, and some cost components such as the developer costs can scale with both power and energy.

Do energy storage products need periodic maintenance?

The requirements for periodic maintenance for energy storage products should be identified by the OEM (IEEE 2010). In settings where predictive analytics maintenance is economical, 54 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at

What is a reasonable expectation of PV system O&M costs?

Members of the working group have discussed these results and are currently recommending 0.5% for large systems and 1% of system initial cost per year for small systems as a reasonable expectation of PV system O&M costs. These heuristics inform an expectation of PV system O&M costs.